GEOGRAPHIC HORIZONS

The following table highlights the key distinctions between spatial and non-spatial data, focusing on their definitions, representations, usages, storage formats, data types, applications, analysis methods, visualization techniques, tools, and their importance in various contexts. Table 01: Differences between Spatial Data and Non-spatial Data. Spatial Data  Non-spatial Data Definition Data that includes geographic locations and shapes. Data that does not include geographic information Examples Coordinates, maps, and satellite images. Text, numbers, dates Representation Points, lines, polygons, raster grids. Tables, lists, text documents. Usage Used to map and analyze geographic phenomena. Used to describe attributes and characteristics without location context Storage Format Shapefiles, ...

In today's technologically advanced era, data acquisition has experienced a significant transformation, largely due to the development of remote sensing and satellite imagery. These cutting-edge methods have revolutionized how we observe, analyze, and comprehend the Earth's surface and atmospheric conditions from afar, providing unparalleled insights across various fields. Remote sensing involves the science and technology of gathering information about an object or phenomenon without direct contact. This typically includes using sensors mounted on aircraft, drones, or satellites to detect and measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface. These sensors capture data in different spectral bands, such as visible, infrared, and microwave, each offering unique information about the observed surface. The concept of remote sensing dates back to the early 20th century when aerial photography was first utilized for military reconnaissance. Howe...

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have revolutionized navigation and positioning since their creation. This technology employs a network of satellites that send signals to Earth-based receivers, allowing users to pinpoint their exact location anywhere on the planet. GNSS is essential for numerous applications, ranging from everyday use in smartphones and vehicles to critical functions in the aviation, maritime, agriculture, and defense sectors. It includes various satellite systems such as the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's GLONASS, Europe's Galileo, and China's BeiDou, all of which contribute to the precision and reliability of global positioning. The evolution of GNSS has been a remarkable story of technological progress and international cooperation. The idea of satellite-based navigation began with the launch of the first GPS satellite in 1978, initially intended to enhance military operations. Over time, GNSS technology has signif...

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools that combine spatial data with analysis and visualization capabilities to understand patterns, relationships, and trends in geographical contexts. GIS technology integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, manage, analyze, and display geographically referenced information. This system is indispensable across various fields, including urban planning, environmental management, transportation, and public health, enhancing decision-making processes and providing valuable insights into complex spatial phenomena. The Evolution of GIS The concept of GIS dates back to the mid-20th century when the advent of computers allowed for the digital processing of geographic data. The first true GIS was developed in the 1960s by Dr. Roger Tomlinson, often referred to as the "father of GIS." His work on the Canada Geographic Information System laid the groundwork for modern GIS by creating a system to analyze land use and its c...

The concentration of urban populations in megacities, housing over 10 million inhabitants such as Tokyo, New York, and London, epitomizes high population density. These mega-cities, grappling with intense population pressures and limited space for future growth, propel urban sprawl outward from the urban core as a consequence of urbanization. Urban sprawl is influenced by various factors, which differ depending on its nature and national contexts. However, the underlying factors driving urban sprawl exhibit similar characteristics in developed and developing nations. The European Environment Agency identified the primary causes of urban sprawl as outlined (Table 01). Table 01.: Triggering Factors of Urban Sprawl Context Triggering Factors Macro-economic factors            Economic growth           Globalization Micro-economic factors      ...